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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.6K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

131.1K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
131.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.1K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.1K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.3K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
17.1K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

87.7K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
87.7K

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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
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Dicationic ionic liquids as new feeding deterrents.

Damian K Kaczmarek1, Kamil Czerniak1, Tomasz Klejdysz2

  • 11Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.

Chemicke Zvesti
|August 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New quaternary bis(ammonium) salts were synthesized and show promise as effective deterrents against storage insects. These compounds exhibit thermal stability and favorable physicochemical properties for practical applications.

Keywords:
AntifeedantDicationic ionic liquidsFeeding deterrentsQuaternary bis(ammonium) salts

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Storage insects cause significant economic losses in agricultural products.
  • Current pest control methods face challenges with resistance and environmental impact.
  • Development of novel, effective, and safer alternatives is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel quaternary bis(ammonium) salts.
  • To evaluate the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of these salts.
  • To assess their efficacy as deterrents against major storage insects.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of quaternary bis(ammonium) salts with specific cations and anions (saccharinate, acesulfamate, lactate, pyroglutamate).
  • Characterization using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (¹H and ¹³C).
  • Thermal analysis (Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and determination of physicochemical properties (viscosity, density, refractive index, solubility).

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of new quaternary bis(ammonium) salts.
  • All synthesized salts demonstrated good thermal stability, with most melting below 100°C.
  • Compounds with lactate anions showed suitable physicochemical properties for application.
  • Most synthesized ionic liquids exhibited deterrent activity comparable to or exceeding that of azadirachtin.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized quaternary bis(ammonium) salts are thermally stable and possess favorable physicochemical properties.
  • These novel compounds show significant potential as effective deterrents against economically important storage insects.
  • The findings suggest a promising new avenue for sustainable pest management in stored products.