Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass

Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same journal

Enhancing Environmental Performance for Green Building Projects: Assessment Study due to the Applicability of Industry 4.0 Technologies.

TheScientificWorldJournal·2026

Same journal

Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Utilized by Traditional Healers in Managing Respiratory Tract Infections in the Kagera Region, Tanzania.

TheScientificWorldJournal·2026

Same journal

Solvent Extraction of Metals in the Circular Economy: Enhancing Resource Efficiency and Sustainability.

TheScientificWorldJournal·2026

Same journal

Agronomic Performance and Nutritive Value Evaluation of Desho Grass Varieties Under Supplementary Irrigation in Western Oromia, Ethiopia.

TheScientificWorldJournal·2026

Same journal

Physicians' and Hospital Administrators' Perspectives of Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

TheScientificWorldJournal·2026

Same journal

The Eco-Friendly Preparation of Se, Zn, and Ag MONPs and Their Current Medical Applications and Drug Delivery for AD Diseases.

TheScientificWorldJournal·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Parabiosis in Mice: A Detailed Protocol

Parabiosis in Mice: A Detailed Protocol

Published on: October 6, 2013

Devilish Details in Apes and Atoms

Thescientificworldjournal

|August 28, 2018

Summary

Scientists are close to new particle physics measurements that could challenge the Standard Model. This groundbreaking research may redefine our understanding of fundamental physics.

Area of Science:

Particle Physics
Cosmology

Background:

The Standard Model of particle physics is the prevailing theory describing fundamental particles and forces.
Precise measurements are crucial for testing the validity of the Standard Model.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a new measurement that challenges the established Standard Model of particle physics.
To explore potential deviations from the Standard Model's predictions.

Main Methods:

High-precision experimental measurements in particle physics.
Comparison of experimental data with theoretical predictions from the Standard Model.

Main Results:

A new measurement has been performed that closely approaches a threshold for potentially overturning the Standard Model.

More Related Videos

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Parabiosis in Mice: A Detailed Protocol

Parabiosis in Mice: A Detailed Protocol

Published on: October 6, 2013

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

The results indicate a possible discrepancy between experimental observations and the Standard Model's predictions.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest a potential need to revise or extend the Standard Model.
Further research and more precise measurements are required to confirm or refute these results and their implications for fundamental physics.