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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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Muscles of the Eye01:20

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Muscles of the Abdomen01:21

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The abdominal wall encircles the abdominal cavity, providing flexible protection and shielding the internal organs from harm. It is bordered at the top by the xiphoid process and costal margins, at the back by the vertebral column, and at the bottom by the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament. The abdominal wall is divided into two regions — the anterolateral and posterior regions.
Anterolateral Region
The anterolateral region comprises five paired muscles classified into the lateral and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease
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Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease

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Muscle disease in scleroderma.

Julie J Paik1

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology
|August 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scleroderma muscle disease is being redefined, with fibrosis identified as a key feature. This fibrosing myopathy subtype carries a higher risk of mortality and cardiopulmonary complications.

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X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Neurology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis affecting various organs.
  • Muscle involvement in scleroderma, historically considered less common or secondary to inflammation, is increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding the spectrum of scleroderma-associated myopathies is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest literature on muscle disease in scleroderma over the past year.
  • To highlight recent findings regarding the histopathology and clinical presentation of scleroderma muscle disease.
  • To emphasize the evolving understanding and redefinition of muscle involvement in scleroderma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published within the last year focusing on scleroderma muscle disease.
  • Analysis of histopathologic findings from muscle biopsies in patients with scleroderma.
  • Correlation of specific histopathologic features with clinical phenotypes and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Fibrosis is a prevalent histopathologic feature in muscle biopsies of scleroderma patients.
  • Microangiopathy frequently co-exists with fibrosis in muscle biopsies.
  • A distinct subtype, 'fibrosing myopathy,' is associated with diffuse scleroderma, lower muscle enzymes, and elevated cardiac enzymes.
  • Patients with fibrosing myopathy exhibit a higher risk of cardiopulmonary complications and cardiac death compared to those with inflammatory myopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Scleroderma muscle disease is being redefined, recognizing the muscle as a directly affected organ.
  • Fibrosis can be an early finding in scleroderma muscle disease.
  • Fibrosing myopathy represents a distinct histologic subtype associated with increased mortality risk.