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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

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Published on: December 17, 2010

Lymphocytic hypophysitis with isolated corticotropin deficiency.

M D Jensen, B S Handwerger, B W Scheithauer

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |August 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    Postpartum lymphocytic hypophysitis can cause isolated corticotropin deficiency in women. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment of this potentially fatal pituitary disorder.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Immunology
    • Reproductive Medicine

    Background:

    • Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the pituitary gland.
    • It can lead to deficiencies in pituitary hormones, impacting various bodily functions.
    • Acquired hormone deficiencies require prompt medical attention.

    Observation:

    • A 32-year-old woman presented with acquired, isolated corticotropin deficiency.
    • The deficiency was attributed to postpartum lymphocytic hypophysitis.
    • Immunologic testing did not reveal anticorticotroph antibodies.

    Findings:

    • Postpartum lymphocytic hypophysitis can manifest as isolated corticotropin deficiency.
    • The condition may affect anterior and potentially posterior pituitary hormone production.
    • Absence of anticorticotroph antibodies was noted in this case.

    Implications:

    • Prompt recognition of lymphocytic hypophysitis is vital for patient survival.
    • Effective treatments are available for pituitary hormone deficiencies.
    • This case highlights the importance of considering autoimmune pituitary disorders postpartum.