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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity in Animals01:16

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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

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Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
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Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during...
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance
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Toxicology of Newer Insecticides in Small Animals.

Tina Wismer1, Charlotte Means1

  • 1ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 1717 South Philo Road, Suite 36, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|August 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Newer insecticides offer improved safety for humans and the environment by targeting specific insect physiology. This review compares the toxicity of older pesticides with these advanced formulations.

Keywords:
Essential oilsInsect growth regulatorsInsecticidesIsoxazolinesOrganophosphates/carbamatesPyrethrins/pyrethroidsSpinosadsToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Pesticides are substances used to control pests.
  • Older insecticides like organophosphates and pyrethroids have raised environmental and health concerns.
  • There is a need for safer pest control methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the toxicity information of older and newer insecticides.
  • To highlight the advancements in insecticide safety.
  • To compare the environmental and mammalian safety profiles of different insecticide classes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of toxicity data for various insecticide classes.
  • Comparison of toxicological profiles based on physiological targets.
  • Analysis of environmental impact and non-target species safety.

Main Results:

  • Newer insecticides demonstrate enhanced safety due to targeted physiological action.
  • Significant differences in toxicity exist between older and newer insecticide formulations.
  • Advancements allow for greater mammalian safety compared to older pesticides.

Conclusions:

  • Modern insecticides are designed for increased safety and specificity.
  • Understanding insecticide toxicity is crucial for environmental and human health protection.
  • The development of targeted insecticides represents a significant improvement in pest management strategies.