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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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Bile Acids Activated Receptors Regulate Innate Immunity.

Stefano Fiorucci1, Michele Biagioli1, Angela Zampella2

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Bile acids, once thought only for nutrient absorption, are now known as signaling molecules. They interact with receptors like GPBAR1 and FXR to regulate the immune system, potentially benefiting immune and metabolic disorders.

Keywords:
Farnesoid-X-receptorG-protein bile acid receptor 1bile acidsinnate immunityintestinal microbiota

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Primary bile acids (chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid) and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic and lithocholic acid) are cholesterol metabolites.
  • Generated by host-microbiota interactions, bile acids function as signaling molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how GPBAR1 and FXR modulate the innate immune system in the intestine and liver.
  • To explore the role of these receptors in maintaining a tolerogenic phenotype in entero-hepatic tissues.
  • To understand how innate immunity regulation by GPBAR1 and FXR ligands may explain their beneficial effects in immune and metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on bile acid signaling.
  • Analysis of the role of GPBAR1 and FXR in innate immunity.
  • Examination of the impact on entero-hepatic tissues and immune/metabolic disorders.

Main Results:

  • Bile acids act as signaling molecules through GPBAR1 and FXR.
  • These receptors are expressed in innate immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, NKT cells).
  • GPBAR1 and FXR modulate innate immunity and promote a tolerogenic phenotype.

Conclusions:

  • GPBAR1 and FXR are key regulators of innate immunity in the gut and liver.
  • Their role in immune modulation may underlie therapeutic benefits in immune and metabolic diseases.
  • Bile acid signaling represents a potential therapeutic target for these conditions.