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Related Concept Videos

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

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Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

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The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Monitoring Protein Adsorption with Solid-state Nanopores
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Mechanical characterization of HIV-1 with a solid-state nanopore sensor.

Armin Darvish1, Jung Soo Lee2, Bin Peng2

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Electrophoresis
|August 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Immune-deficient viruses are more rigid than mature, infectious ones. Nanopore sensing reveals viral membrane mechanics, crucial for understanding infection and developing antivirals.

Keywords:
Human immunodeficiency virusMechanical characterizationResistive pulseSolid-state nanoporeViral maturity

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SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells
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SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells
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SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Biophysics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Viral fusion with host cells is essential for infection and involves membrane deformation.
  • Viral membrane rigidity is a critical factor influencing infectivity.
  • Understanding viral mechanical properties aids in developing antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the mechanical properties and deformability of single virus particles using nanopore sensing.
  • To investigate the relationship between viral maturity and membrane rigidity.
  • To explore the impact of membrane composition (cholesterol, proteins) on viral mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanopore resistive pulse sensing as a single-molecule sensor.
  • Analyzed pseudo-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at the sub-micron scale.
  • Employed a recapturing technique to analyze the deformability of individual virus particles twice.

Main Results:

  • Non-infective, immature viruses exhibited greater rigidity compared to infective, mature viruses.
  • Chemical modifications altering cholesterol and protein content affected the mechanical properties of mature viruses.
  • Nanopore sensing successfully characterized single-virus deformation, distinguishing it from ensemble measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Nanopore resistive pulse sensing is a powerful tool for analyzing single-virus mechanical properties.
  • Viral membrane rigidity is linked to infectivity, with immature viruses being more rigid.
  • Membrane composition significantly influences the mechanical behavior of viruses, offering potential therapeutic targets.