High-frequency greenhouse gas flux measurement system detects winter storm surge effects on salt marsh

The physical controlling factors on coastal plant communities are among the most dynamic of known ecosystems, but climate change alters coastal surface and subsurface hydrologic regimes, which makes rapid measurement of greenhouse gas fluxes critical. Greenhouse gas exchange rates in these terrestrial-aquatic ecosystems are highly variable worldwide with climate, soil type, plant community, and weather. Therefore, increasing data collection and availability should be a priority. Here, we demonstrate and validate physical and analytical modifications to automated soil-flux chamber measurement methods for unattended use in tidally driven wetlands, allowing the high-frequency capture of storm surge and day/night dynamics. Winter CO₂ flux from Sarcocornia perennis marsh to the atmosphere was significantly greater during the day (2.8 mmol m^-2  hr^-1 ) than the night (2.2 mmol m^-2  hr^-1 ; p < 0.001), while CH₄ was significantly greater during the night (0.16 μmol m^-2  hr^-1 ) than the day (-0.13 μmol m^-2  hr^-1 ; p = 0.04). The magnitude of CO₂ flux during the day and the frequency of CH₄ flux were reduced during a surge (p < 0.001). Surge did not significantly affect N₂ O flux, which without non-detects was normally distributed around -24.2 nmol m^-2  hr^-1 . Analysis with sustained-flux global potentials and increased storm surge frequency scenarios, 2020 to 2100, suggested that the marsh in winter remains an atmospheric CO₂ source. The modeled results showed an increased flux of CO₂ to the atmosphere, while in soil, the uptake of CH₄ increased and N₂ O uptake decreased. We present analytical routines to correctly capture gas flux curves in dynamic overland flooding conditions and to flag data that are below detection limits or from unobserved chamber-malfunction situations. Storm surge is an important phenomenon globally, but event-driven, episodic factors can be poorly estimated by infrequent sampling. Wider deployment of this system would permit inclusion of surge events in greenhouse gas estimates.