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Related Concept Videos

Areas Within Irregular Boundaries01:26

Areas Within Irregular Boundaries

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Calculating areas within irregular boundaries, such as along rivers or curved roads, is crucial in various fields, including surveying, engineering, and environmental management. Surveyors often begin by creating a traverse, a connected series of straight lines approximating the area's boundary. The coordinates of each traverse point are essential for calculating the enclosed area. The double meridian distance formula is a widely used technique for this purpose. This method utilizes the...
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Electrostatic Boundary Conditions01:16

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Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

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Direct Gaze Blurs Self-Other Boundaries.

Chu Zhou1, Tianjiao Jiang1, Lei Zhu1

  • 1a Fudan University.

The Journal of General Psychology
|August 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Strangers’ direct gaze promotes self-other merging, making them seem closer and more similar. This study explores how facial cues influence initial social bonding between unfamiliar individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Perception

Background:

  • Self-other merging, the blurring of self and other boundaries, typically occurs between acquainted individuals.
  • Factors influencing initial self-other merging between strangers are not well understood.
  • Facial appearance, specifically gaze direction, may play a crucial role in early social connection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether strangers' gaze direction influences the initial processes of self-other merging.
  • To determine if direct gaze between strangers enhances feelings of closeness and similarity.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted where participants viewed strangers' faces with either direct or averted gaze.
  • Self-other merging was assessed using measures of perceived facial resemblance, the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) scale, and personality judgment correlations.
Keywords:
Cognitionperspective takingsocial interaction

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Main Results:

  • Direct gaze significantly blurred self-other boundaries on both facial and conceptual levels.
  • Participants reported feeling closer to and perceiving greater similarity with strangers who made direct eye contact.
  • This effect extended to both physical appearance and personality judgments.

Conclusions:

  • Direct gaze from a stranger acts as a powerful cue for initiating self-other merging.
  • Facial cues, such as gaze direction, are critical in modulating early social perception and bonding between unfamiliar individuals.
  • Findings highlight the automatic and profound impact of gaze in social interaction and self-other boundary processes.