Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
Published on: October 10, 2020
Functional Outcome Scores With Standard Myoelectric Prostheses in Below-Elbow Amputees
Stefan Salminger1, Ivan Vujaklija, Agnes Sturma
1From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (SS, OCA); Christian Doppler Laboratory for Restoration of Extremity Function, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (SS, AS, ADR, JAM, LAH, OCA); Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Kensington, United Kingdom (IV); Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Research for Neurorehabilitation Systems, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (IV); Master Degree Program "Health Assisting Engineering", University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Vienna, Austria (AS); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (TH, LAH); and Department of Plastic Surgery, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom (ADR).
Objective:
The aim of the study was to report normative outcome data of prosthetic hand function in below-elbow amputees using four different objective measurements closely related to activities of daily living.
Design:
Seventeen patients who underwent prosthetic fitting after unilateral below-elbow amputation were enrolled in this study. Global upper extremity function was evaluated using the Action Research Arm Test, Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure, the Clothespin-Relocation Test, and the Box and Block Test, which monitor hand and extremity function.
Results:
The patients achieved a mean ± SD Action Research Arm Test score of 35.06 ± 4.42 of 57. The mean ± SD Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure score was 65.12 ± 13.95 points. The mean ± SD time for the Clothespin-Relocation Test was 22.57 ± 7.50 secs, and the mean ± SD score in the Box and Block Test was 20.90 ± 5.74.
Conclusions:
In the current economic situation of health care systems, demonstrating the effectiveness and necessity of rehabilitation interventions is of major importance. This study reports outcome data of below-elbow amputees and provides a useful guide for expected prosthetic user performance.
Related Concept Videos
Introduction to z Scores
z scores...
Introduction to z Scores
z scores...
z Scores and Area Under the Curve
Predicting Reaction Outcomes
Outcomes of Glycolysis
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
z Scores and Unusual Values
This score indicates how far a value is from the mean in terms of standard deviation. For example, if a data value has a z score of +1, the researcher can infer that the particular data value is one standard deviation above the mean. If another data...

