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Maps of subjective feelings.

Lauri Nummenmaa1,2, Riitta Hari3, Jari K Hietanen4

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Researchers mapped 100 core subjective feelings, revealing they are organized by emotional valence, mental experiences, and bodily sensations. This feeling space is embodied, emotional, and categorical.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Subjective feelings are fundamental to human experience.
  • Understanding the organization and determinants of the feeling space is crucial for psychology and neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the organization and determinants of a feeling space encompassing 100 core feelings.
  • To investigate the relationship between mental experiences, bodily sensations, and neural activity.

Main Methods:

  • Online surveys assessing 100 feelings across four basic dimensions (mental experience, bodily sensation, emotion, controllability).
  • Subjective similarity mapping and bodily sensation topography analysis.
  • Neuroimaging meta-analysis using the NeuroSynth database (9,821 studies) to derive neural similarity.

Main Results:

  • All feelings exhibited emotional valence, with bodily sensation saliency correlating with mental experience saliency.
  • Nonlinear dimensionality reduction identified five distinct feeling clusters: positive emotions, negative emotions, cognitive processes, somatic states/illnesses, and homeostatic states.
  • Feeling space organization is best explained by emotional valence, mental experiences, and bodily sensations.

Conclusions:

  • Subjective feelings form a categorical, emotional, and embodied space.
  • The organization of feelings is intrinsically linked to basic dimensions and bodily sensations.
  • This provides a comprehensive map of subjective feelings and their underlying determinants.