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Related Concept Videos

Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

38.2K
The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
38.2K
Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

40.9K
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
40.9K
Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

31.3K
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
31.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.5K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.5K
Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

Vapor Pressure of Fluid

2.0K
The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
2.0K
Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

4.7K
Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
4.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness
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Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

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Polystyrene Opals Responsive to Methanol Vapors.

Luca Burratti1, Mauro Casalboni2,3,4, Fabio De Matteis5,6,7

  • 1Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy. luca.burratti@uniroma2.it.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polystyrene photonic crystals detect methanol vapor by spectral shifts. This study demonstrates a reliable method for sensing methanol concentration with a 5% limit of detection.

Keywords:
capillary condensationmethanol vapor sensorphotonic crystalsreflectance spectra

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Photonic crystals (PCs) exhibit unique optical properties influenced by their structure, refractive index, and incident light angle, as described by the Bragg-Snell law.
  • Three-dimensional photonic crystals (3D-PCs) utilizing ordered polymeric spheres offer potential for vapor sensing applications by monitoring changes in their reflectance spectra.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize high-quality polystyrene (PS) 3D-PCs (opals) with a near-ideal filling factor.
  • To investigate the optical response of these 3D-PCs to varying concentrations of methanol (MeOH) vapor.
  • To evaluate the sensing performance, including limit of detection, reversibility, and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polystyrene (PS) 3D-PCs with a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice structure.
  • Exposure of the 3D-PCs to different concentrations of methanol vapor.
  • Measurement and analysis of reflectance spectra shifts in response to methanol exposure.

Main Results:

  • Methanol vapor induced measurable energy shifts in the reflectance spectra of the PS 3D-PCs.
  • A linear relationship was observed between the wavelength of the reflectance band maximum and methanol vapor concentration.
  • A limit of detection (LOD) of 5% (v/v₀) was estimated, with good reversibility and time stability demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Polystyrene 3D-PCs are effective for methanol vapor sensing, with concentration quantifiable via spectral shifts.
  • The sensing mechanism involves capillary condensation and sphere swelling, particularly at higher methanol concentrations.
  • The developed system shows promise for practical vapor sensing applications.