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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Tissue Engineering of Tumor Stromal Microenvironment with Application to Cancer Cell Invasion
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Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Alice E Denton1, Edward W Roberts2, Douglas T Fearon3

  • 1Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK. alice.denton@babraham.ac.uk.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in the tumor microenvironment, supporting cancer growth and progression. Modulating CAFs may enhance cancer immunotherapies by overcoming immune suppression.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem supporting tumor growth.
  • Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are crucial components of the TME.
  • CAFs contribute to cancer stemness, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the multifaceted roles of CAFs in cancer promotion and maintenance.
  • To elucidate how CAFs modulate immune cells and responses within the TME.
  • To explore the potential of targeting CAFs to improve cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CAFs and their functions.
  • Analysis of CAF interactions with immune cells in the TME.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting CAF functions.

Main Results:

  • CAFs actively promote tumor growth and progression through various mechanisms.
  • CAFs inhibit anti-tumor immune responses by restricting immune cell infiltration and function.
  • CAFs represent a promising target for enhancing cancer immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • CAFs are critical regulators of the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression.
  • Targeting CAFs can potentially reverse immune suppression within the TME.
  • Modulating CAF activity holds promise as an adjunct strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy efficacy.