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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Small Intestine01:15

Small Intestine

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

Histology of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
The innermost mucosa layer comprises simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. This layer is primarily populated with absorptive cells, tasked with water absorption, and goblet cells, responsible for secreting mucus to...
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Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Hematopoietic Research Using Stromal Cell Isolation for Single Cell Sequencing
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Immunosuppression by Intestinal Stromal Cells.

Iryna V Pinchuk1,2, Don W Powell3,4

  • 1Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intestinal stromal cells, also known as myofibroblasts, originate from adult mesenchymal stem cells and share immune tolerance mechanisms with bone marrow stem cells. These findings suggest they are partially differentiated stem cells crucial for intestinal immune regulation.

Keywords:
Colorectal cancerImmune toleranceInflammatory bowel diseaseMesenchymal stem cellsMyofibroblastsPD-L1PD-L2Tissue-resident adult mesenchymal stem cellsToll-like receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Intestinal myofibroblasts, or intestinal stromal cells (ISCs), play a role in gut homeostasis.
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow are known for their immunomodulatory properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and immune functions of adult intestinal stromal cells.
  • To compare the immunosuppressive mechanisms of ISCs with those of bone marrow-derived MSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on ISC derivation and function.
  • Comparison of immune suppression pathways (e.g., PD-L1/PD-1, soluble mediators, Treg augmentation) between ISCs and MSCs.
  • Assessment of ISC differentiation potential.

Main Results:

  • Adult ISCs are derived from tissue mesenchymal stem cells and can be replenished by bone marrow MSCs after injury.
  • ISCs utilize similar immunosuppressive mechanisms as MSCs, including PD-L1/PD-L2/PD-1 pathways and Treg cell augmentation.
  • ISCs express similar CD molecules to MSCs and can differentiate into bone and chondrocytes, but not adipocytes.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal stromal cells (myofibroblasts) are partially differentiated, tissue-resident stem cells.
  • ISCs possess immune tolerance capabilities within the intestine.
  • Further research is needed on their role in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer.