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Related Concept Videos

Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Logarithmic functions are powerful tools for simplifying the mathematical representation of phenomena involving exponential changes. Their ability to convert multiplicative relationships into additive ones is especially valuable in various scientific and engineering contexts. One notable application of logarithms is measuring sound intensity, specifically through the decibel (dB) scale used in acoustics.Sound intensity levels vary over an extensive range, from the faintest audible whisper to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Clinical Microfluidic Chip Platform for the Isolation of Versatile Circulating Tumor Cells
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Applications of tumor chip technology.

Stephanie J Hachey1, Christopher C W Hughes

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. shachey@uci.edu.

Lab on a Chip
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Microphysiological systems (MPS) improve drug development by mimicking human physiology. Tumor chip models show promise for increasing anti-cancer drug success rates and reducing clinical trial failures.

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Oncology Research

Background:

  • The cost of new drug development has escalated, exceeding $2.5 billion.
  • FDA approval rates for drugs entering Phase I trials are low (9.6%), particularly for oncology (5.1%).
  • Current in vitro drug screening models lack predictability for in vivo outcomes, leading to late-stage failures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the state-of-the-art in 3D tissue-engineered models for cancer research.
  • To focus on the application of tumor-on-a-chip (tumor chip) models in preclinical drug development.
  • To highlight the potential of tumor chip systems to improve anti-cancer drug development and clinical treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current 3D tissue-engineering models for cancer research.

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  • Focus on microphysiological systems (MPS) and tumor chip technologies.
  • Analysis of the predictive capabilities of these models for in vivo outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • Microphysiological systems (MPS) offer a more predictive in vitro environment.
    • Tumor chip models effectively mimic physiological and pathological cancer processes.
    • These advanced models can potentially identify efficacy and toxicity earlier in the drug development pipeline.

    Conclusions:

    • Tumor chip systems represent a significant advancement in cancer research and drug development.
    • Implementing these models can help mitigate the high failure rates in anti-cancer drug discovery.
    • Microphysiological systems hold the potential to transform preclinical research and clinical management for cancer therapies.