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Indeterminate structures refer to structures where internal forces and reactions cannot be determined using only the equations of static equilibrium.  Indeterminate structures have more unknown forces and reaction forces than equations of static equilibrium that can be used to determine them. Indeterminate structures are often used in engineering to create complex, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing structures. There are various types of indeterminate structures used in engineering and...
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Indeterminate forms also arise in the evaluation of limits involving products, particularly when one factor approaches zero while the other tends to positive or negative infinity. This situation, commonly described as a zero-times-infinity form, does not have an immediately interpretable outcome. Depending on how the factors behave relative to one another, the limit of such a product may be zero, infinite, or a finite nonzero value.Product Limits and Algebraic RewritingTo analyze limits of this...
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Statically indeterminate problems are those where statics alone can not determine the internal forces or reactions. Consider a structure comprising two cylindrical rods made of steel and brass. These rods are joined at point B and restrained by rigid supports at points A and C. Now, the reactions at points A and C and the deflection at point B are to be determined. This rod structure is classified as statically indeterminate as the structure has more supports than are necessary for maintaining...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Ancillary molecular testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Esther Diana Rossi1, Luigi Maria Larocca1, Liron Pantanowitz2

  • 1Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, "Agostino Gemelli" Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

Cancer Cytopathology
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Molecular testing of thyroid nodules aids personalized medicine. This review covers its role in diagnosing indeterminate lesions, including noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP).

Keywords:
cytopathologymolecular testingpersonalized medicinethyroid Bethesda systemthyroid FNAthyroid carcinomathyroid indeterminate lesions

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Thyroidology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Cytopathology

Background:

  • Thyroid nodule diagnosis increasingly relies on cytological specimens for cost-effective patient management in personalized medicine.
  • Cytology aspirates are crucial for both accurate diagnosis and ancillary molecular testing of thyroid lesions.
  • Properly handled cytology preparations yield high-quality DNA/RNA for molecular analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the integration and role of molecular testing in the cytological workup of thyroid lesions.
  • To discuss the application of molecular diagnostics in managing indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • To address the significance of molecular testing for noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP).

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and guidelines, including the 2nd edition of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology and American Thyroid Association guidelines.
  • Analysis of the utility of molecular alterations evaluation in cytological specimens.
  • Discussion of molecular testing strategies for indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Main Results:

  • Molecular analysis of somatic mutations and genomic alterations is well-integrated into thyroid cytopathology.
  • Guidelines confirm the essential role of molecular testing for subcategories of indeterminate thyroid lesions.
  • Thyroid cytology provides suitable material for molecular testing, enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular testing is pivotal in the management of indeterminate thyroid nodules, improving diagnostic precision.
  • The integration of molecular data refines the characterization of thyroid lesions, including NIFTP.
  • Advances in cytological sample handling enhance the yield and reliability of molecular testing.