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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Production01:06

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Distribution01:28

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Related Experiment Video

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Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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[Primary biliary cholangitis : an update].

Joana Vieira Barbosa1, Julien Vionnet1,2, Amedeo Sciarra3

  • 1Service de gastroentérologie et d'hépatologie, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne.

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Summary

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease primarily affecting women. While ursodeoxycholic acid is a first-line therapy, some patients require additional treatments like obeticholic acid or fibrates.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver condition.
  • It primarily affects women, causing progressive damage to small bile ducts.
  • Key symptoms include fatigue and pruritus, with cholestasis and antimitochondrial antibodies as diagnostic markers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current understanding and management of Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC).
  • To discuss therapeutic options for patients with PBC.
  • To highlight emerging treatments for PBC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current medical literature on Primary Biliary Cholangitis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies for PBC.
  • Evaluation of treatment responses and outcomes in PBC patients.

Main Results:

  • Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the primary treatment for early-stage PBC.
  • 30-40% of patients show an incomplete biochemical response to UDCA.
  • Obeticholic acid and fibrates are potential alternative or adjunctive therapies.
  • Liver transplantation is effective for advanced PBC cases.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of PBC involves early diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
  • Personalized treatment strategies are necessary for patients with suboptimal response to UDCA.
  • Ongoing research is crucial for developing novel therapies for PBC.