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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.3K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.1K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
17.1K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Labeling of Extracellular Vesicles for Monitoring Migration and Uptake in Cartilage Explants
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Migration of Deformable Vesicles Induced by Ionic Stimuli.

Atsuji Kodama1, Mattia Morandi1, Ryuta Ebihara1

  • 1Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 , Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|August 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ionic stimuli like CaCl2, NaCl, and NaOH trigger phospholipid vesicle dynamics. Metal ions cause inward budding, while hydroxide ions cause outward budding, affecting vesicle migration.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Phospholipid vesicles are model systems for cell membranes.
  • Ionic interactions significantly influence membrane behavior.
  • Understanding vesicle dynamics is crucial for drug delivery and nanotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of phospholipid vesicles under ionic stimuli.
  • To analyze the deformation and migration mechanisms of vesicles induced by electrolytes.
  • To elucidate the role of ion binding in vesicle shape changes and movement.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) vesicles.
  • Applied ionic stimuli using CaCl2, NaCl, and NaOH solutions.
  • Analyzed vesicle deformation and migration using time-resolved microscopy and established biophysical models (surface dissociation, area difference elasticity).

Main Results:

  • Ionic stimuli induced distinct vesicle deformations (inward/outward budding) and migration (diffusiophoresis).
  • Ca2+ and Na+ ions decreased lipid cross-sectional area, promoting inward budding.
  • OH- ions increased lipid cross-sectional area, promoting outward budding.
  • Strong coupling between deformation and migration observed for CaCl2 and NaOH, weak for NaCl, attributed to ion binding constants.

Conclusions:

  • Ion binding to phospholipid headgroups dictates vesicle deformation pathway.
  • The interplay between ion binding affinity and vesicle dynamics governs coupled deformation-migration responses.
  • Findings provide insights into ion-modulated membrane behavior with implications for artificial cell design and targeted delivery systems.