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Polymers02:34

Polymers

41.0K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radicals01:27

Radicals

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
741
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

2.5K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

3.2K
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

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Radicals and Polymers.

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  • 1BASF Schweiz AG R-1059.6.05 Mattenstrasse 22 CH-4058 Basel;,

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Industrial research over 30 years focused on radical polymerization, yielding novel stabilizers, eco-friendly inhibitors, and advanced materials for energy storage. Key developments include controlled radical polymerization and redox-active polymers.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Industrial Research

Background:

  • Radical polymerization is crucial for industrial polymer production (50% of >350 million tons annually).
  • Polymers require stabilizers against degradation from oxygen, heat, and light.
  • Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) is a significant advancement in polymer science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present selected results from 30 years of industrial research on radical-polymer interactions.
  • To highlight contributions to polymer stabilization, polymerization control, and new material applications.
  • To showcase advancements in eco-friendly inhibitors and redox-active polymers for energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • Development of novel benzofuranone stabilizers.
  • Discovery of new dyestuffs.
  • Synthesis of eco-friendly polymerization inhibitors.
  • Creation of novel nitroxides and alkoxyamines for CRP.
  • Design of safe radical initiators.
  • Engineering of nitroxide radical-bearing polymers for electrochemical applications.

Main Results:

  • Successful industrial implementation of controlled radical polymerization using novel nitroxides and alkoxyamines.
  • Development of effective benzofuranone stabilizers and eco-friendly polymerization inhibitors.
  • Creation of redox-active polymers with potential in organic radical batteries and electrochemical applications.
  • Serendipitous discovery of novel dyestuffs.

Conclusions:

  • Significant contributions were made to polymer stabilization and controlled radical polymerization over 30 years of industrial research.
  • Novel materials, including redox-active polymers and improved stabilizers, have been developed.
  • Research has led to practical applications in polymer manufacturing, material protection, and energy storage.