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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

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Assessing progress in protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke.

Sean Semple1, Will Mueller2, Alastair H Leyland3

  • 1Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.

Tobacco Control
|August 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in Scotland has drastically decreased by over 97% since 1998. Tobacco control policies should target undetectable cotinine levels and geometric mean to achieve smoke-free environments.

Keywords:
cotininepublic policysecondhand smoke

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Tobacco Control Research

Background:

  • Secondhand smoke (SHS) poses significant health risks.
  • Monitoring population exposure is crucial for effective tobacco control policies.
  • Assessing trends in SHS exposure informs public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends in population exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in Scotland.
  • To evaluate salivary cotinine levels as biomarkers for SHS exposure.
  • To identify suitable metrics for tobacco control policy-makers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized salivary cotinine data from 11 Scottish Health Surveys (1998-2016).
  • Calculated proportions of non-smokers with measurable cotinine.
  • Determined geometric mean (GM) cotinine concentrations using Tobit regression.
  • Assessed changes pre- and post-2006 smoke-free legislation.

Main Results:

  • Geometric mean salivary cotinine levels in non-smokers decreased by 97.2% from 1998 to 2016.
  • The proportion of non-smokers with undetectable cotinine increased nearly sixfold (12.5% to 81.6%).
  • Exposure reductions continued after the 2006 smoke-free legislation.

Conclusions:

  • Scotland achieved substantial reductions in SHS exposure over two decades.
  • Nearly one in five non-smoking adults still exhibit measurable SHS exposure.
  • Tobacco control strategies should incorporate undetectable cotinine and GM targets for smoke-free policies.