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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all physiological processes in the body and are broadly classified into organic and inorganic based on their chemical structures.
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The essentiality of non-coding RNAs in cell reprogramming.

Joachim Luginbühl1, Divya Mundackal Sivaraman1, Jay W Shin1

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Short (miRNA) and long non-coding (lncRNA) RNAs are crucial for cell reprogramming, acting as regulators to establish pluripotency. Their interplay is essential for orchestrating gene networks during differentiation processes like neuronal and cardiac development.

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NeuronsPluripotencyReprogramminglncRNAmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are abundant in mammals.
  • These molecules play increasingly recognized functional roles in cellular processes.
  • Non-coding RNAs are critical for establishing pluripotency networks during cell reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the regulatory roles of short (miRNA) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in cell reprogramming.
  • To highlight the functional features of miRNAs and lncRNAs as regulators (scaffolds, inhibitors, co-activators) in gene regulation.
  • To examine the interdependency of miRNAs and lncRNAs in modulating cell reprogramming and differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic screening of non-coding RNA functions.
  • Mechanistic studies elucidating gene regulatory roles.
  • Review of existing literature on miRNA and lncRNA functions in cell reprogramming.
  • Focus on examples in neuronal and cardiac differentiation.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs and lncRNAs exhibit diverse regulatory functions, acting as scaffolds, inhibitors, or co-activators.
  • The interaction and interdependence between miRNAs and lncRNAs are vital for effective cell reprogramming.
  • Specific roles of these non-coding RNAs are demonstrated in neuronal and cardiac cell differentiation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs are indispensable for establishing pluripotency and reprogramming somatic cells.
  • The intricate regulatory network of cell reprogramming relies on the coordinated functions and interdependencies of both miRNAs and lncRNAs.
  • Understanding these non-coding RNA mechanisms provides insights into developmental processes and potential therapeutic strategies.