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    This study details on-orbit calibration using a solar diffuser (SD) for high accuracy in remote sensing. It establishes a physical model and monitoring methods to ensure calibration uncertainty is below 2.04%.

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    Area of Science:

    • Earth and Space Science
    • Remote Sensing Technology
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Accurate calibration is crucial for remote sensing data quality.
    • Solar diffusers (SD) offer a high-accuracy, high-frequency, and efficient method for on-orbit calibration.
    • Existing methods face challenges in maintaining calibration accuracy throughout a sensor's lifespan.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the principles, methods, and implementation of on-orbit calibration using a solar diffuser.
    • To establish a physical model for on-orbit reflectance calibration and identify key uncertainty factors.
    • To ensure high-accuracy on-orbit calibration for the entire operational life of remote sensing instruments.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a physical model for on-orbit reflectance calibration.
    • Investigated the impact of the solar diffuser's bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) on calibration uncertainty.
    • Implemented lab testing of SD BRDF across various angles and introduced optimal timing selection for on-orbit calibration.
    • Monitored and corrected SD BRDF values from fabrication to end-of-life.

    Main Results:

    • Identified SD BRDF determination as the primary factor affecting calibration uncertainty.
    • Achieved high-accuracy on-orbit calibration by ensuring accurate radiance input through continuous SD BRDF monitoring and correction.
    • Estimated on-orbit calibration uncertainties based on physical model parameters.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method ensures high-accuracy on-orbit calibration for the entire remote sensor lifespan.
    • The uncertainties for on-orbit reflectance calibration and radiance calibration were found to be better than 2.03% and 2.04%, respectively.
    • Continuous monitoring and correction of SD BRDF are vital for maintaining calibration accuracy.