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Related Concept Videos

Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.8K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
4.8K
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

1.5K
Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
1.5K
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

28.4K
The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
28.4K
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

89.1K
The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
89.1K
Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature01:23

Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature

1.1K
Heat is a widely used method to control microbial growth by targeting and denaturing cellular proteins, thereby killing or inactivating microbes. This method's effectiveness is quantified using parameters such as the thermal death point (TDP), thermal death time (TDT), and decimal reduction time (D value). TDP represents the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are eliminated within 10 minutes, whereas TDT is the time necessary to achieve sterilization at a...
1.1K
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

9.4K
As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
9.4K

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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology
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Study on Hydrogen Fluoride at High Temperature Detection Method with Temperature Correction Based on Laser

Ying He, Yu-jun Shang, Kun You

    Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
    |August 31, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study developed a new method for accurately detecting hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas using laser absorption spectroscopy. The improved technique significantly reduces detection errors, enabling real-time monitoring for industrial safety and environmental protection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Spectroscopy
    • Environmental Science

    Background:

    • Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a critical indicator gas for fault diagnosis in gas insulation switch (GIS) systems.
    • Accurate, fast, and real-time detection of HF is essential for industrial and environmental monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a high-accuracy, real-time HF detection method using laser absorption spectroscopy.
    • To design a concentration inversion algorithm incorporating temperature correction for enhanced accuracy.

    Main Methods:

    • Established an HF detection experimental system using laser absorption spectroscopy and an anti-corrosion multiple reflection cell.
    • Analyzed HF spectral characteristics at various temperatures and studied spectral data from the HITRAN database.
    • Developed a concentration inversion algorithm with HF spectrum analysis and temperature parameter correction.

    Main Results:

    • Temperature correction reduced HF concentration inversion errors from over 5% to approximately 1.5% at elevated temperatures (313-323 K).
    • The detection limit was determined to be 8.7×10⁻⁵ mmol·mol⁻¹ at 323 K, comparable to room temperature detection.
    • The developed method demonstrated stable and reliable performance, with corrected high-temperature errors lower than uncorrected room-temperature errors.

    Conclusions:

    • The laser absorption spectroscopy method with a temperature-corrected concentration inversion algorithm provides a stable and reliable means for HF detection.
    • This technology meets the demand for real-time HF monitoring in chemical production and supports environmental gas emission regulation.