Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Continuous-wave Thulium Laser for Heating Cultured Cells to Investigate Cellular Thermal Effects
Published on: June 30, 2017
High-efficiency 2 μm continuous-wave laser in laser diode-pumped Tm3+, La3+: CaF2 single crystal
Abstract:
A Tm3+, La3+: CaF2 single crystal was grown, and its spectral properties and laser performance were investigated. Under diode end-pumping, a continuous-wave laser has been demonstrated. The slope efficiency of up to 67.8% was first achieved in the co-doping crystal, which is close to twice the theoretical quantum efficiency. A maximum output power of 4.269 W and a broad tunable range of 192 nm were also obtained, indicating this system is a promising candidate for highly efficient ∼2 μm lasers.
Related Concept Videos
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)
Zener Diodes
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
The Ideal Diode
Diode: Forward bias
The behavior of a diode in forward bias...
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...

