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Mobile Elements Shape Plastome Evolution in Ferns.

Tanner A Robison1, Amanda L Grusz2,3, Paul G Wolf1

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Fern plastid genomes reveal novel mobile elements, Mobile Open Reading Frames in Fern Organelles (MORFFO), driving significant structural evolution across plant clades.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Plastid genomes are generally stable, with rare insertions of nuclear or mitochondrial origin.
  • Previous studies focused on gene loss, inversions, and limited gene additions in plastomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct the first family-level survey of plastome evolution in ferns.
  • To identify and characterize novel mobile elements within fern plastid genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of plastome sequences across various fern taxa, particularly Pteridaceae.
  • Phylogenetic contextualization of mobile element presence, location, and configuration.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel suite of mobile elements, termed Mobile Open Reading Frames in Fern Organelles (MORFFO).
  • MORFFO elements exhibit variability in sequence length, insertion sites, and configuration, even between closely related species.
  • MORFFO elements are associated with genomic rearrangements like inversions and intergenic expansions, and are found in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.

Conclusions:

  • MORFFO elements are a significant driver of structural genome evolution in fern plastomes.
  • MORFFO elements are not exclusive to ferns and may impact genome evolution in other plant groups.
  • The origins and functions of MORFFO elements require further investigation.