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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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RADIATION AND THYROID CANCER-AN OVERVIEW.

Geraldine Thomas1

  • 1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|August 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Exposure to radioactive iodine from nuclear fallout increases thyroid cancer risk, especially in children. This review examines radiation-induced thyroid cancer types, molecular aspects, and outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • The thyroid gland's unique iodine uptake makes it highly susceptible to radioactive iodine.
  • Radioactive iodine exposure, particularly from nuclear fallout, presents a significant health risk.
  • Children are identified as the most vulnerable population to radiation-induced thyroid cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of radiation-induced thyroid cancer.
  • To explore the molecular biology of this specific cancer type.
  • To discuss the clinical outcomes associated with radiation-induced thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on thyroid cancer following radiation exposure.
  • Analysis of data from post-Chernobyl accident investigations.

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  • Synthesis of information on molecular mechanisms and clinical data.

    • Main Results:

    • Thyroid cancer is a known risk following radioactive iodine exposure.
    • Children exposed to radioactive iodine fallout face a heightened risk.
    • The review consolidates current knowledge on radiation-induced thyroid cancer.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding radiation-induced thyroid cancer is crucial for public health.
    • Further research into molecular pathways and clinical management is warranted.
    • Minimizing exposure to radioactive iodine is essential for preventing thyroid cancer.