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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

Predicting human norovirus infectivity - Recent advances and continued challenges.

Clyde S Manuel¹, Matthew D Moore², Lee-Ann Jaykus¹

¹Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.

Food Microbiology

|September 1, 2018

Summary

Human norovirus causes widespread foodborne illness. New methods are emerging to assess norovirus infectivity, aiding research and detection in food and water safety.

Keywords:

Aptamer Cell culture Histo-blood group antigen Infectivity Norovirus

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Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

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Published on: April 29, 2020

Area of Science:

Public Health
Virology
Food Safety

Background:

Human norovirus is a leading cause of global foodborne illness, creating significant public health and economic challenges.
The absence of a robust in vitro cultivation system has historically impeded norovirus research and the differentiation of infectious from non-infectious viral particles.
Recent advances in norovirus cultivation show promise but may not be suitable for routine food and water safety applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss recent techniques for assessing human norovirus infectivity.
To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of various methods in the context of norovirus detection and research.
To highlight alternative approaches for understanding norovirus pathogenesis and transmission.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on human norovirus in vitro cultivation systems.
Analysis of alternative techniques including molecular assays, animal models, and cultivable surrogate viruses.
Comparative assessment of the utility of each method for determining norovirus infectivity.

Main Results:

Two novel human norovirus in vitro cultivation systems have been developed.
Alternative methods such as molecular assays, animal models, and surrogate viruses offer accessible approaches for assessing infectivity.
Each method presents unique advantages and limitations for norovirus research and detection.

Conclusions:

Assessing human norovirus infectivity remains critical for public health and food safety.
While in vitro cultivation systems are advancing, alternative methods are crucial for current research and routine detection.
Further development and validation of these techniques are needed to effectively combat norovirus outbreaks.