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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Published on: March 6, 2014

Nanoscopy reveals surface-metallic black phosphorus.

Yohannes Abate^1,2, Sampath Gamage², Zhen Li³

¹Center for Nano-Optics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.

Light, Science & Applications

|September 1, 2018

Summary

Black phosphorus nanoflakes exhibit surface-metallic, plasmonic behavior in the mid-infrared range. This is due to a highly polarizable surface layer, opening new avenues for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.

Keywords:

black phosphorus infrared spectroscopy metallic surface layer near-field nanoscopy two-dimensional materials

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Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

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Published on: March 6, 2014

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

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Published on: January 26, 2016

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications

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Published on: August 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Black phosphorus (BP) is a 2D material with tunable anisotropic properties.
Understanding its near-field characteristics is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally investigate and theoretically interpret the near-field properties of few-atomic-monolayer black phosphorus nanoflakes.
To explore the plasmonic behavior of black phosphorus at mid-infrared frequencies.

Main Methods:

Experimental investigation of near-field properties.
Theoretical interpretation of observed phenomena.
Analysis of surface polarizability and plasmonic behavior.

Main Results:

Discovery of bright outside fringes in near-field patterns.
Observation of high surface polarizability in nanofilms, indicating surface-metallic behavior.
Identification of a ~1 nm thick, highly polarizable surface layer with plasmonic properties and a free carrier concentration of ~1.1 × 10^20 cm^-3.
Surface plasmonic behavior observed for BP thicknesses of 10-40 nm, but not for 4 nm.

Conclusions:

The observed fringes are attributed to a surface layer exhibiting plasmonic behavior.
Black phosphorus demonstrates significant potential for applications in nanoelectronics, plasmonics, and optoelectronics due to its unique surface properties.