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Cluster Sampling Method01:20

Cluster Sampling Method

14.8K
Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
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π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

5.6K
An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...
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Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression
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Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

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Tetracationic Gallium Cluster Cations.

Kim Glootz1, Daniel Kratzert1, Daniel Himmel1

  • 1Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|September 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The univalent gallium salt Ga(PhF)2+ [Al(OR^F)4]- forms novel metal-metal bonded cluster tetracations with phenanthroline and t-butylisonitrile ligands. DFT calculations and Born-Fajans-Haber cycles reveal insights into their structures and energetics.

Keywords:
cluster cationsgallium cationmain group chemistryweakly coordinating anion

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • The synthesis and characterization of novel metal-metal bonded clusters are crucial for advancing coordination chemistry.
  • Gallium, a post-transition metal, offers unique electronic properties for cluster formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of strongly metal-metal bonded cluster tetracations from a univalent gallium salt.
  • To explore the influence of different ligands on the structure and energetics of these gallium clusters.
  • To elucidate the bonding characteristics and stability of the resulting clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of the univalent salt Ga(PhF)2+ [Al(OR^F)4]- with phenanthroline (L) and t-butylisonitrile (L') ligands.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to determine structures and energetics.
  • Born-Fajans-Haber cycles to assess thermodynamic stability.

Main Results:

  • Formation of two distinct tetracationic gallium clusters: [GaII2(L)4]4+ and [GaI4(L')8]4+.
  • Detailed structural characterization and energetic analysis of the clusters as a function of ligand choice.
  • Evidence of strong metal-metal bonding within the gallium clusters.

Conclusions:

  • The univalent gallium precursor is a versatile platform for constructing polynuclear gallium clusters with significant metal-metal bonding.
  • Ligand selection plays a critical role in dictating the nuclearity and structure of the resulting gallium clusters.
  • Computational and thermodynamic analyses provide a comprehensive understanding of cluster stability and formation.