Histological and molecular techniques utilized to investigate animal models of depression. An updated review

This review aimed to summarize the different histopathological techniques and procedures utilized during investigating the different animal models of depression in order to explore the pathophysiological aspect of depression and testing the efficacy of the antidepressant drugs or new treatments. This will be helpful while designing researches aiming to achieve these objectives. It was found that the major obstacle during investigating the animal models of depression was the restricted availability of validated animal models. The chronic stress models have face, construct, and predictive validity. It was found that the histological techniques used in investigating the animal models of depression that was described in the literatures fall under three categories; the light microscopic, the electron microscopic and the molecular biological studies. The light microscope studies were performed using the routine histological staining and immunohistochemical technique that aimed to describe the hippocampal histopathological changes induced by depression. Establishment of a preclinical behavioral science laboratory is highly recommended. It will encourage and support the conduction of high quality, multidisciplinary researches targeting anxiety and other psychiatric disorders and will indirectly improve the health care provided to the psychiatric patients. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Chronic stress models are valid ones. Light microscope was utilized to examine the routinely or immunohistochemically stained sections in hippocampus of animal models of depression while electron microscope was utilized to examine its ultrastructure.