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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
266
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
236
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

305
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
305
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

24.9K
Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
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Pediatric Cervical Lymphadenopathy.

Michael S Weinstock1,2, Neha A Patel1, Lee P Smith1

  • 1Cohen Children's Medical Center, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY.

Pediatrics in Review
|September 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy is common, often viral. This review guides clinicians on evaluating swollen neck lymph nodes in children, covering history, exams, tests, imaging, and biopsy to differentiate causes like infections and rare malignancies.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Cervical lymphadenopathy is highly prevalent in children aged 4-8 years, necessitating a structured diagnostic approach.
  • The differential diagnosis includes common viral and bacterial infections, as well as rare but critical malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide pediatric clinicians with a framework for evaluating pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy.
  • To guide history taking, physical examination, laboratory testing, imaging, and biopsy decisions.
  • To clarify the roles and limitations of ultrasonography, CT, and MRI in pediatric lymphadenopathy evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of diagnostic approaches for pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy.
  • Analysis of common etiologies including viral, bacterial, and malignant causes.
  • Evaluation of current imaging modalities: ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Main Results:

  • Viral infections are the most frequent cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in children.
  • Bacterial infections represent the second most common etiology.
  • Malignancies, though rare, are the most serious concern requiring timely diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic evaluation is crucial for pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy.
  • Ultrasonography plays a significant role, but CT and MRI have specific utilities.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on integrating clinical findings with appropriate investigations.