Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Confidence Coefficient01:24

Confidence Coefficient

10.7K
The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under...
10.7K
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.4K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
1.4K
Confidence Intervals01:21

Confidence Intervals

10.8K
An unbiased point estimate is often insufficient to predict a population estimate, such as population mean or population proportion. In this scenario, a confidence interval is used. A confidence interval is an estimate similar to a  sample proportion. However, unlike the point estimate which is a single value, the confidence interval  contains a range of values. These values have lower and upper limits, known as confidence limits, and can be designated as L1 and L2, respectively.
A...
10.8K
Interpretation of Confidence Intervals01:19

Interpretation of Confidence Intervals

10.1K
A confidence interval is a better estimate of the population than a point estimate, as it uses a range of values from a sample instead of a single value.
Confidence intervals have confidence coefficients that are crucial for their interpretation. The most common confidence coefficients are 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99, which can be written as percentages–90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.
Suppose a person calculates a confidence interval with a confidence coefficient of 0.95. In that case, they can...
10.1K
Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals00:54

Uncertainty: Confidence Intervals

11.7K
The confidence interval is the range of values around the mean that contains the true mean. It is expressed as a probability percentage. The interpretation of a 95% confidence interval, for instance, is that the statistician is 95% confident that the true mean falls within the interval. The upper and lower limits of this range are known as confidence limits. The confidence limits for the true mean are estimated from the sample's mean, the standard deviation, and the statistical factor...
11.7K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

991
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
991

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Blocking 5-HT2B receptors abolishes psilocybin's efficacy in the rat forced swim test.

Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Multidimensional analysis of social withdrawal in the sub-chronic phencyclidine rat model for schizophrenia.

Psychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Task learning increases information redundancy of neural responses in macaque visual cortex.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Alters Cortical CREB Signaling and Social Behavior in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same author

Hierarchical motion perception as causal inference.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Psilocybin has a narrow therapeutic window as an antidepressant treatment.

Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

12.2K

Differentiating between Models of Perceptual Decision Making Using Pupil Size Inferred Confidence.

Katsuhisa Kawaguchi1,2, Stephane Clery2, Paria Pourriahi2

  • 1Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|September 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Decision confidence influences how we weigh sensory evidence. Pupil size in monkeys revealed that a bounded decision process, not other models, best explains why early evidence is often prioritized in perceptual tasks.

Keywords:
confidenceintegration-to-boundmacaqueperceptual decision makingpsychophysical reverse correlationpupillometry

More Related Videos

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform
06:31

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: August 4, 2022

3.7K
Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

Published on: November 2, 2012

12.2K
Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform
06:31

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: August 4, 2022

3.7K
Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Perceptual decisions often show a bias towards early sensory evidence.
  • This early weighting is commonly explained by integration-to-bound models where evidence accumulation stops upon reaching a confidence threshold.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive predictions on temporal evidence weighting based on decision confidence within integration-to-bound models.
  • To empirically test these predictions using pupil size as a proxy for decision confidence in non-human primates.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a method to infer decision confidence from pupil diameter in male macaques.
  • Monkeys performed a disparity discrimination task to collect behavioral and physiological data.
  • Compared empirical data against predictions from integration-to-bound models and alternative theories.

Main Results:

  • Animal data supported the predictions of the integration-to-bound decision process.
  • Individual differences in decision bounds and pupil-confidence correlations explained variations between subjects.
  • Alternative models, including attractor dynamics and neuronal adaptation, were less compatible with the findings.

Conclusions:

  • The integration-to-bound model provides a robust explanation for early psychophysical weighting in perceptual decision-making.
  • Pupil size serves as a viable, non-invasive measure of decision confidence in neurophysiological studies.
  • This approach facilitates broader investigations into the neural basis of confidence and metacognition.