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Viral Structure00:56

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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The Cartesian coordinate system is a very convenient tool to use when describing the displacements and velocities of objects and the forces acting on them. However, it becomes cumbersome when we need to describe the rotation of objects. So, when describing rotation, the polar coordinate system is generally used.
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A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii R1 (inner shell) and R2 (outer shell). The shells have  equal and opposite charges of +Q and −Q, respectively. For an isolated conducting spherical capacitor, the radius of the outer shell can be considered to be infinite.
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Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor01:24

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To calculate the inductance of a solid cylindrical conductor, consider a 1-meter section of a non-magnetic, current-carrying conductor with radius r. Disregarding end effects and assuming uniform current density, Ampere's law helps determine the magnetic field inside the conductor. This law states that the magnetic field intensity H is concentric and constant within the conductor.
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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be considered an oscillating electric and magnetic field propagating through a medium that can interact with matter in its path. The electric field in the radiation can interact with electrical charges in the atoms or molecules in the matter. On the other hand, the magnetic field can interact with the magnetic field in the atomic nucleus. The study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter is termed spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study...
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A charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry if the charge density depends only upon the distance from the axis of the cylinder and does not vary along the axis or with the direction about the axis. In other words, if a system varies if it is rotated around the axis or shifted along the axis, it does not have cylindrical symmetry. In real systems, we do not have infinite cylinders; however, if the cylindrical object is considerably longer than the radius from it that we are interested in,...
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of High-Temperature Sample Grids for Cryo-EM
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Cryo-EM structure reveals cylindrical nucleocapsids from two polydnaviruses.

Ji-Hui Cui1,2,3, Ya-Bin Chen1,3, Ming Li1,2,3

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.

Archives of Virology
|September 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cryo-electron microscopy revealed the near-native morphology of Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV) and Microplitis mediator bracovirus (MmBV) nucleocapsids. These bracoviruses exhibit unique cap structures, electron-lucent rings, and helix-tail-like features.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • Bracoviruses are a genus of polydnaviruses.
  • Understanding bracovirus morphology is crucial for studying their replication and infection mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the near-native morphology of Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV) and Microplitis mediator bracovirus (MmBV) nucleocapsids.
  • To characterize distinct structural features of bracovirus nucleocapsids using cryo-EM.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis of MbBV and MmBV.
  • Morphological characterization of viral nucleocapsids.

Main Results:

  • MbBV and MmBV nucleocapsids possess discernible cap structures at distal regions and adjacent electron-lucent rings.
  • Some nucleocapsids displayed uniform electron density with a "helix-tail-like structure".
  • Observed nucleocapsid diameters varied (MbBV: 34–69.9 nm; MmBV: 46–69.9 nm), with a maximum cylindrical length of 126 nm.

Conclusions:

  • Cryo-EM provides high-resolution insights into bracovirus nucleocapsid structure.
  • The identified structural features offer new avenues for understanding bracovirus biology and evolution.