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Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...

Primary Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

Primary Production

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.

Primary Distribution

Primary Distribution

Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

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Primary mediastinal seminoma.

Aleksandra Napieralska¹, Wojciech Majewski¹, Wojciech Osewski¹

¹Radiotherapy Department, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.

Journal of Thoracic Disease

|September 4, 2018

Summary

Long-term results show that chemoradiotherapy for primary mediastinal seminoma yields excellent outcomes. This treatment offers a high local control rate and survival comparable to testicular seminoma.

Keywords:

Seminoma chemotherapy (CTH)germ cell tumors mediastinal seminoma radiotherapy (RTH)surgery

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Medical Research

Background:

Primary mediastinal seminoma is a rare germ cell tumor.
Understanding long-term treatment outcomes is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the long-term treatment results of primary mediastinal seminoma.
To assess the efficacy and survival rates associated with various treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 16 patients diagnosed with primary mediastinal seminoma (1983-2014).
Treatments included surgery, chemotherapy (CTH), and radiotherapy (RTH).
Overall survival (OS) calculated using Kaplan-Meier method.

Main Results:

All patients achieved complete or partial tumor regression after initial treatment.
Local control rates at 5, 10, and 15 years were 75%.
5-, 10-, and 15-year overall survival rates were 100%, 91%, and 91%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Chemoradiotherapy provides satisfactory results for primary mediastinal seminoma.
Treatment outcomes are comparable to those of primary testicular seminoma.
Good local control and long-term survival are achievable.