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Related Concept Videos

Bending01:10

Bending

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Pure bending is a fundamental concept in structural mechanics, essential for understanding how materials deform under symmetrical loads without direct forces. Pure bending occurs when prismatic members, such as beams, are subjected to equal and opposite moments that induce bending. The phenomenon is crucial as it allows for predicting stress distributions without the influence of axial or shear forces.
In pure bending, the bending stress in a beam is calculated based on the bending moment and...
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Symmetric Member in Bending01:07

Symmetric Member in Bending

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In the study of the mechanics of materials, analyzing the behavior of prismatic members under opposing couples is crucial for understanding internal stress distributions, which are essential for structural design. When subjected to couples, a prismatic member experiences internal forces that maintain equilibrium. A couple, characterized by two equal and opposite forces, creates a moment but no resultant force. The internal forces at any section cut of the member must balance these external...
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Unsymmetric Bending01:18

Unsymmetric Bending

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from those in symmetrical bending, and are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions. In unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis—where stress is zero—does not necessarily align with the geometric axes of the cross-section. The...
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Bending of Members Made of Several Materials01:11

Bending of Members Made of Several Materials

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In analyzing a structural member composed of two different materials with identical cross-sectional areas, it is crucial to understand how their distinct elastic properties affect the member's response under load. The analysis involves assessing stress and strain distributions using the transformed section concept, which accounts for variations in material properties.
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A bending moment diagram is a graphical representation of the bending moments experienced by a beam under load along the beam length. It is an essential tool for engineers and designers to analyze structures and ensure they can withstand applied forces. The steps to create the bending moment diagram for a beam are listed below.
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In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
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Post-LECA Origin and Diversification of an Axonemal Outer Arm Dynein Motor.

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Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Turning dyneins off bends cilia.

Stephen M King1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.

Cytoskeleton (Hoboken, N.J.)
|September 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ciliary and flagellar motility relies on dynein motor proteins. New research reveals dynein motors in a pre-power stroke state in straight flagella, with inhibition triggering bending.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Ciliary and flagellar motility depend on dynein motor proteins acting on axonemal microtubules.
  • The 'switching hypothesis' proposes that localized dynein activity drives flagellar bending.
  • The precise mechanochemical states of dyneins during motility have remained experimentally elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally observe the power stroke states of individual dynein arms during active flagellar beating.
  • To investigate the role of dynein conformation in initiating and regulating ciliary bending.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution cryo-electron tomography was used to image sea urchin sperm flagella.
  • Rapid freezing techniques captured flagella in actively beating states.
Keywords:
Chlamydomonasaxonemeciliadyneinflagellamicrotubulesea urchin

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  • Analysis focused on the conformational states of dynein arms along the axoneme.

    • Main Results:

    • Axonemal dyneins were predominantly observed in a pre-power stroke conformation in straight flagellar regions.
    • Inhibition of this pre-power stroke state and subsequent microtubule release were linked to force imbalance.
    • This imbalance is proposed to initiate microtubule sliding and ciliary bend formation.

    Conclusions:

    • Dynein conformation and regulated inhibition are critical for generating ciliary and flagellar bending.
    • Propagating inhibitory signals along the axoneme may control oscillatory motion.
    • This provides a mechanistic insight into the 'switching hypothesis' of flagellar motility.