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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'
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The mobility of packaged phage genome controls ejection dynamics.

Alex Evilevitch1,2

  • 1Department of Pathobiology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, United States.

Elife
|September 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Phage DNA ejection timing, crucial for infection outcomes, is controlled by DNA mobility. Environmental factors like temperature and ionic conditions regulate this, impacting the cell

Keywords:
DNA ejection dynamicsDNA pressureDNA transitioncalorimetryinfectious diseaselatent and lytic infectionmicrobiologymolecular biophysicsphagestructural biologyvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Cellular infection by bacteriophages involves DNA injection, influencing lytic vs. lysogenic pathways.
  • The precise control mechanisms governing the timing of viral DNA ejection remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors controlling the initiation timing of viral DNA ejection.
  • To understand how DNA ejection dynamics influence the cell's decision between lytic and lysogenic infection.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies examining phage DNA ejection dynamics.
  • Analysis of environmental factors (temperature, ionic conditions) affecting DNA mobility and ejection.

Main Results:

  • Viral DNA ejection can be synchronized (seconds) or desynchronized (minutes) based on DNA mobility.
  • Environmental factors like temperature and ionic conditions regulate encapsidated DNA mobility, thereby controlling ejection timing.
  • Mechano-regulation of ejection dynamics influences viral replication and the lytic/lysogenic decision.

Conclusions:

  • DNA ejection dynamics are mechanistically regulated by environmental factors, impacting phage infection strategies.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to deciphering viral latency, particularly in phages and Herpesviruses.
  • This study provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of viral DNA ejection and its role in infection fate.