Nerve injury complications. Management of neurogenic pain syndromes

Postural brachial plexus compression neuropathy occurs more frequently than usually realized. The cause is multifactorial with certain predisposing anatomic and congenital factors that are not uncommon. An inciting event is required to cause a clinically significant syndrome. The event can be a specific traumatic episode or cumulative trauma leading to an adoption of a guarding posture, which results in a self-perpetuating cycle and brachial plexus nerve compression. The diagnosis and management may be complicated by concurrent vascular compression, concurrent reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and associated inflammatory musculotendinous conditions. Diagnosis relies on the appreciation of a peculiar symptom complex of pain and paresthesias. The important clinical signs are a supraclavicular Tinel's sign and a positive stress abduction test. Treatment includes exercises, patient education, and behavior modification. However, misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment, such as unnecessary carpal and cubital tunnel releases. Operative treatment is reserved for those severe cases that are resistant to extended and intense physical therapy. The preferred surgical technique involves an anterior, supraclavicular approach allowing for complete visualization and release of intrinsic and extrinsic nerve compression. Awareness is the key to making the diagnosis, and successful treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is generally accepted that injuries to peripheral nerves result in serious losses of function. Paresthesias and motor weakness cause immediate functional limitation, and place the hand at risk for further injury. The system has little regenerative capacity, and the chance for recovery is poor even under the best circumstances. Therefore the treatment of acute nerve injuries can be difficult and frustrating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)