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Related Concept Videos

Natural and Artificial Concepts01:24

Natural and Artificial Concepts

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In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Natural concepts are formed through direct or indirect experiences. For example, consider the concept of snow. If you live in a place with regular snowfall, such as Essex Junction, Vermont, you know snow through direct experiences. You’ve seen it fall, touched it, shoveled it, and played in it. You recognize its texture, appearance, and even its smell. In contrast, if you live on an island like Saint...
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The "center" of a data set is also a way of describing location. The two most widely used measures of the "center" of the data are the mean (average) and the median. The words "mean" and "average" are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is "arithmetic mean" and "average" is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians,...
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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Harvesting Sperm and Artificial Insemination of Mice
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Nonsurgical Artificial Insemination in Mice.

Amanda Duselis, Monkia Veres, Michael Dewey

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |September 6, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Artificial insemination in mice involves introducing motile sperm into the female reproductive tract during estrus. This technique, particularly nonsurgical methods, aids in successful mouse reproduction and breeding programs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Biology
    • Animal Science
    • Laboratory Animal Science

    Background:

    • Artificial insemination (AI) is a key technique for mammalian reproduction.
    • Effective AI protocols are crucial for genetic research and breeding programs involving mice.
    • Understanding estrus phases is vital for successful insemination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the methodology for artificial insemination in female mice.
    • To outline the process of sperm collection and introduction for successful impregnation.
    • To detail the importance of the estrus phase for AI efficacy.

    Main Methods:

    • Sperm isolation from the cauda epididymis and vas deferens.
    • Preparation of sperm in a milk-based solution.
    • Nonsurgical introduction of sperm into the vaginal canal of estrus-phase female mice using a blunt needle.
    • Utilizing naturally ovulating or superovulated females in estrus.

    Main Results:

    • Successful impregnation of female mice via artificial insemination.
    • Demonstration of a practical, albeit skill-dependent, nonsurgical AI technique.
    • Highlighting the necessity of precise timing with the female's estrus cycle.

    Conclusions:

    • Artificial insemination is an effective method for mouse reproduction.
    • The nonsurgical technique requires practice but is achievable for researchers.
    • Accurate identification of the estrus phase is critical for optimizing AI success in mice.