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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture on Polyvinyl Alcohol-Co-Itaconic Acid Hydrogels with Varying Stiffness Under Xeno-Free Conditions
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Itaconic acid indicates cellular but not systemic immune system activation.

Johannes Meiser1,2, Lisa Kraemer3, Christian Jaeger2

  • 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.

Oncotarget
|September 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Itaconic acid, produced during inflammation, is not found in significant amounts in patient body fluids. Therefore, itaconic acid is not a suitable biomarker for severe inflammation or sepsis.

Keywords:
Immunologybiomarkerinflammationitaconic acidmetabolismsepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic biochemistry

Background:

  • Itaconic acid is produced by leukocytes during pro-inflammatory activation.
  • Itaconic acid exhibits antibacterial properties and influences host cell metabolism by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the release rate of itaconic acid from activated macrophages in vitro.
  • To determine the presence of itaconic acid in body fluids of patients with acute inflammation and sepsis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies of itaconic acid release from activated macrophages.
  • Quantification of itaconic acid in plasma, urine, and bronchial lavage fluid from patients.

Main Results:

  • Itaconic acid is excreted at a low rate from activated macrophages.
  • Significant levels of itaconic acid were not detected in plasma, urine, or bronchial lavage fluid of patients with severe inflammation or sepsis.

Conclusions:

  • Itaconic acid may function as an intracellular pro-inflammatory marker within immune cells.
  • Itaconic acid is not a suitable biomarker for detecting severe inflammation or sepsis in tested body fluids.