Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

52.5K
Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
52.5K
Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

1.9K
In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health...
1.9K
Range00:59

Range

14.3K
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
14.3K
Angular Momentum01:21

Angular Momentum

825
Angular momentum characterizes an object's rotational motion and is defined as the moment of its linear momentum about a specified point O. When a particle moves along a curved path in the x-y plane, the scalar formulation calculates the magnitude of its angular momentum, utilizing the moment arm (d), representing the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of the linear momentum. Despite being scalar in formulation, angular momentum is inherently a vector quantity. Its...
825
Angular Velocity and Displacement01:08

Angular Velocity and Displacement

22.9K
Uniform circular motion is motion in a circle at a constant speed. Although this is the simplest case of rotational motion, it is very useful for many situations and is used to introduce rotational variables. When a particle is moving in a circle, the coordinate system is fixed and serves as a frame of reference to define the particle’s position. Its position vector from the origin of the circle to the particle sweeps out the angle θ, which increases in the counterclockwise direction...
22.9K
Conservation of Angular Momentum01:09

Conservation of Angular Momentum

16.2K
A system's total angular momentum remains constant if the net external torque acting on the system is zero. Considering a system that consists of n tiny particles, the angular momentum of any tiny particle may change, but the system's total angular momentum would remain constant. The principle of conservation of angular momentum only considers the net external torque acting on the system. While there are internal forces exerted by different particles within the system that also produce...
16.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Permeation of Nanoparticles into Pulmonary Surfactant Monolayer: In Situ X-ray Standing Wave Studies.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2022
Same author

Refined extreme ultraviolet mask stack model.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2021
Same author

A semi-analytical approach for the characterization of ordered 3D nanostructures using grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2020
Same author

Reflective aperiodic multilayer filters for metrology at XUV sources.

Optics express·2020
Same author

The Enhancement of Metal-Binding Properties in Hemoglobin: The Role of Mild Damaging Factors.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2019
Same author

Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering study of correlated lateral density fluctuations in W/Si multilayers.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2019
Same journal

Tiles from projections of the root and weight lattices of A<sub>n</sub>.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2026
Same journal

Case study of using the single-atom R1 method to solve a small protein structure.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2026
Same journal

Beyond complementarity: a reverse-engineering framework for de novo crystal structure determination from EXAFS.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2026
Same journal

Crystallography in Open Science and its open educational resources.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2026
Same journal

From atoms to a data bank: optimizing transferability of electron-density symmetry.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2026
Same journal

Twenty-Sixth General Assembly and International Congress of Crystallography, Melbourne, Australia, 22-29 August 2023.

Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials
06:05

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

Published on: January 15, 2014

8.3K

Specular reflection intensity modulated by grazing-incidence diffraction in a wide angular range.

K V Nikolaev1, I A Makhotkin1, S N Yakunin2

  • 1MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and Advances
|September 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GID) reveals subsurface crystal structures. This technique uses azimuthal rocking curves to distinguish between surface and substrate layers, enabling detailed analysis of nanometre-thin surface distortions.

Keywords:
GIDazimuthal rocking curvescrystal surfacegrazing-incidence X-ray diffractionspecular reflection

More Related Videos

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.1K
In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

6.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials
06:05

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

Published on: January 15, 2014

8.3K
Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene

Published on: August 22, 2017

8.1K
In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

6.7K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GID) is a standard method for analyzing crystal surfaces.
  • Understanding nanometre-thin surface layers and subsurface structures is crucial in materials science.
  • Existing GID methods may have limitations in characterizing complex subsurface distortions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate the sensitivity of GID to crystal surface structures and distorted nanometre-thin surface layers.
  • To develop a method for characterizing subsurface crystal structures using GID.
  • To explore the potential of GID for analyzing complex subsurface modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Application of a matrix formalism based on dynamical diffraction theory to simulate GID from crystals with complex subsurface structures.
  • Analysis of azimuthal rocking curves over a wide angular range.
  • Investigation of specular reflection intensity modulations induced by evanescent diffraction.

Main Results:

  • Azimuthal rocking curves exhibit asymmetric thickness oscillations with two distinct frequency sets, corresponding to the subsurface layer and the substrate.
  • These oscillations enable the characterization of the subsurface structure of single crystals.
  • Evanescent diffraction induces high-intensity modulations in specular reflection, offering further subsurface analysis potential.

Conclusions:

  • Azimuthal rocking curves are effective for characterizing subsurface crystal structures, differentiating between surface and substrate contributions.
  • The observed thickness oscillations provide a means to analyze distorted nanometre-thin surface layers.
  • GID, particularly with laboratory-scale diffractometers, shows promise for advanced subsurface crystal characterization.