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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Clearly Detectable, Kinetically Restricted Solid-Solid Phase Transition in cis-Ceramide Monolayers.

M Laura Fanani, Jon V Busto1,2, Jesús Sot1

  • 1Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , B. Sarriena s/n , 48940 Leioa , Spain.

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Researchers synthesized a novel ceramide with a cis double bond, revealing unique solid-solid transitions in lipid monolayers. This discovery aids in identifying previously undetected lipid phase behaviors in biological systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Lipid biochemistry
  • Materials science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Sphingosine is a key mammalian sphingoid base, forming ceramides.
  • Naturally occurring ceramides with a Δ4 double bond exhibit a trans (E) configuration.
  • Structural variations in ceramides can significantly alter their physical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a ceramide containing a cis-configured Δ4 double bond (cis-pCer).
  • To investigate the behavior of cis-pCer in air-water interface monolayers.
  • To compare the phase transition properties of cis-pCer with its trans isomer.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of cis-pCer.
  • Formation and compression of lipid monolayers at the air-water interface.
  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Brewster-Angle Microscopy (BAM) for imaging.
  • Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • cis-pCer exhibited distinct behavior compared to its trans isomer.
  • A clear solid-solid phase transition was observed for cis-pCer monolayers at low molecular areas.
  • The transition characteristics were dependent on the compression rate.
  • AFM and BAM visualized the solid-solid transition and domain coexistence.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations supported the experimental findings.

Conclusions:

  • The cis configuration in ceramides induces unique solid-solid phase transitions.
  • cis-pCer serves as a model for studying such transitions in lipid systems.
  • This research may help uncover other, less obvious, solid-solid transitions in lipids in vitro and in vivo.