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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radicals01:27

Radicals

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Radical Equations01:26

Radical Equations

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Radical equations are mathematical expressions in which the variable is found within a radical, most commonly a square root or cube root. These equations frequently arise in science, engineering, and real-world measurements involving nonlinear relationships. To solve a radical equation, the standard procedure is to isolate the radical expression and then eliminate the radical by raising each side to a power equal to the index of the radical. This process may lead to extraneous...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
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Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy.

Mircea Onaca, Gheorghe Nita, Marcian Manu

    Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990)
    |September 6, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RLRP) is a safe and effective treatment for localized prostate cancer, showing good oncologic and functional outcomes. An experienced surgical team is crucial for successful RLRP, with potential for improved results as expertise grows.

    Keywords:
    laparoscopicprostatectomylaparoscopicurologicsurgeryprostaticcancerretroperitonealapproach

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    Area of Science:

    • Urologic Oncology
    • Minimally Invasive Surgery
    • Laparoscopic Surgery

    Background:

    • Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RLRP) introduced as a primary treatment for localized prostate cancer.
    • Surgical team possessed prior extensive experience in minimally invasive urologic surgery.
    • Need to evaluate oncologic and functional outcomes of RLRP.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the RLRP technique employed at Ponderas Academic Hospital.
    • To analyze the oncologic and functional results of RLRP in patients with localized prostate cancer.
    • To assess the safety and efficacy of RLRP.

    Main Methods:

    • Prospective study including 45 patients who underwent RLRP from January 2015 to March 2017.
    • Standard preoperative workup: blood tests, prostate biopsy, MRI, bone scintigraphy.
    • Therapy decisions made by Institutional Multidisciplinary Tumor Board; RLRP indicated for localized prostate cancer.

    Main Results:

    • All 45 RLRP procedures were completed laparoscopically without conversion to open surgery.
    • Mean operative time: 165 minutes; average blood loss: 255 mL; mean catheterization: 10 days.
    • Continence rates: 86% at 3 months, 93% at 6 months. Positive surgical margins in 17.7%. Erectile dysfunction in 51% at 6 months. Four complications noted, no mortality.

    Conclusions:

    • RLRP is a safe and efficient procedure for localized prostate cancer, associated with minimal complications and short hospitalization.
    • Requires a highly experienced laparoscopic surgical team for optimal outcomes.
    • Functional and oncologic results are expected to improve with increased team experience.