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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
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Recapitulating kidney development: Progress and challenges.

Melissa H Little1, Santhosh V Kumar2, Thomas Forbes3

  • 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advances in stem cell technology offer hope for kidney regeneration and disease modeling. Researchers are exploring cell sources and differentiation methods to create functional kidney tissues for therapeutic applications and drug screening.

Keywords:
Directed differentiationHuman nephron progenitorKidney developmentKidney organoidPluripotent stem cellTransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Developmental Biology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Decades of research in rodent models have detailed kidney development.
  • Stem cell advancements enable reprogramming and differentiation towards kidney cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review current cell sources for kidney regeneration.
  • Evaluate the accuracy of stem-cell derived kidney models.
  • Assess readiness for therapeutic applications and tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on kidney morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of cell sources for potential therapeutic use.
  • Evaluation of human kidney models for disease and drug screening.

Main Results:

  • Rodent models provide a foundational understanding of kidney development.
  • Human pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into kidney cell types.
  • Current models show promise but require further refinement for accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular therapy and tissue engineering for kidney repair are increasingly feasible.
  • Stem-cell derived kidney models offer potential for disease modeling and drug discovery.
  • Further research is needed to bridge the gap towards clinical application.