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Related Concept Videos

Communication01:03

Communication

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Communication between two animals occurs when one animal transmits an information signal that causes a change in the animal that receives the information. Organisms communicate with one another in a host of different ways. Signals can be auditory, chemical, visual, tactile, or a combination of these. Communication is a critical behavioral adaptation that promotes survival, growth, and reproduction.
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Communication01:28

Communication

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Sharing information, concepts, and emotions to foster mutual understanding is communication. The sender, recipient, and transaction must be considered in this manner. The sender is the person who shares the message, the recipient is the person who receives and understands the message, and the transaction is the method used to deliver the message and the variables that affect the communication's context and surroundings. The nurse-client connection is built on therapeutic communication.
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Light as Energy01:35

Light as Energy

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The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
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A photon is a discrete electromagnetic particle or bundle of energy. Photons are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, similar to the properties of a wave. Waves with higher frequencies transmit more energy and have shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths that transmit...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Divergence and Curl01:15

Divergence and Curl

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The divergence of a vector field at a point is the net outward flow of the flux out of a small volume through a closed surface enclosing the volume, as the volume tends to zero. More practically, divergence measures how much a vector field spreads out or diverges from a given point. For an outgoing flux, conventionally, the divergence is positive. The diverging point is often called the "source" of the field. Meanwhile, the negative divergence of a vector field at a point means that the vector...
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Divergence and Stokes' Theorems01:06

Divergence and Stokes' Theorems

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The divergence and Stokes' theorems are a variation of Green's theorem in a higher dimension. They are also a generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem are in a way similar to each other; The divergence theorem relates to the dot product of a vector, while Stokes' theorem relates to the curl of a vector. Many applications in physics and engineering make use of the divergence and Stokes' theorems, enabling us to write...
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Red/green/blue LD mixed white-light communication at 6500K with divergent diffuser optimization.

Yu-Fang Huang, Yu-Chieh Chi, Mu-Ku Chen

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    This study demonstrates laser white-lighting using RGB laser diodes for high-speed WDM communication. Frosted glass diffusers achieved 14 Gbps, optimizing CCT and data rates.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics and Communications
    • Solid-State Lighting
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Traditional white lighting struggles to integrate high-speed data transmission.
    • Achieving a specific correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6500K with RGB laser diodes (LDs) presents challenges for simultaneous communication.
    • Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) combined with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) offers potential for high-capacity optical communication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate laser white-lighting at 6500K CCT using RGB laser diodes.
    • To achieve high-speed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication integrated with white-light generation.
    • To investigate the impact of different diffusers on white-light quality and data transmission performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Generated white light using red, green, and blue laser diodes (RGB LDs) and optimized sampling rates for OFDM data.
    • Implemented WDM communication with a 16 QAM-OFDM data stream at 11.2 Gbps over 0.5 m.
    • Evaluated six different diffusers based on color-casting transmittance, surface roughness, CCT uniformity, divergent angle, and data transmission capacity.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 6500K CCT white-light and WDM communication simultaneously.
    • The frosted glass (FG2.8) diffuser supported the highest data rate of 14 Gbps over 0.5 m with a ±20° divergent angle.
    • Adjusting blue LD power with an optical density filter reduced CCT but degraded the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), impacting data rate.

    Conclusions:

    • Laser white-lighting using RGB LDs can effectively support high-speed WDM communication.
    • Diffuser selection is critical for balancing white-light quality (CCT uniformity) and data transmission capacity.
    • Further optimization is needed to mitigate SNR degradation when fine-tuning CCT for specific applications.