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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

1.0K
The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...
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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

1.5K
Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures
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Programmable Metal/Semiconductor Nanostructures for mRNA-Modulated Molecular Delivery.

Libing Zhang1, Sae Rin Jean2, Xiyan Li3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3M2 , Canada.

Nano Letters
|September 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New programmable nanostructures deliver chemotherapy drugs and sense mRNA in drug-resistant cancer cells. This approach improves therapeutic efficacy by releasing doxorubicin and downregulating the MRP1 resistance factor.

Keywords:
DNASelf-assemblymRNAmultidrug resistancequantum dots

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
  • Novel strategies are required to overcome MDR and enhance drug delivery.
  • Programmable nanostructures offer potential solutions for targeted cancer therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate programmable metal/semiconductor nanostructures for drug delivery and mRNA sensing in drug-resistant cancer cells.
  • To investigate the ability of these nanostructures to target and downregulate drug resistance mechanisms.
  • To assess the therapeutic efficacy of this novel system against resistant tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of core-satellite nanostructures using gold nanoparticles and DNA-capped quantum dots.
  • Incorporation of doxorubicin for drug delivery and specific mRNA-binding DNA sequences.
  • In vitro testing on drug-resistant cancer cells to evaluate drug release, mRNA sensing, fluorescence response, and MRP1 downregulation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful construction of programmable core-satellite nanostructures with tunable properties.
  • Showcased targeted release of doxorubicin triggered by binding to MRP1 mRNA.
  • Observed a turn-on fluorescence signal and significant downregulation of the MRP1 drug efflux pump.
  • Achieved remarkable improvement in therapeutic efficacy against doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells.

Conclusions:

  • Programmable metal/semiconductor nanostructures represent a versatile platform for overcoming multidrug resistance.
  • This system integrates drug delivery, mRNA sensing, and therapeutic response into a single nanostructure.
  • The developed technology holds promise for advancing personalized cancer treatment strategies.