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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow oxidative, muscle fibers appear red due to large numbers of capillaries and high levels of...
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

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Overview
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The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Preparation of 3D Decellularized Matrices from Fetal Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Cell Culture
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Fetal Skeletal Disorders.

Thomas Schramm1, Helge Mommsen1

  • 1Pränatal-Medizin München, Germany.

Ultraschall in Der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980)
|September 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Fetal skeletal disorders, affecting limbs, skull, and spine, are common. Diagnosis relies on ultrasound to distinguish isolated defects from complex syndromes and lethal from non-lethal conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Genetics
  • Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Skeletal Dysplasias

Background:

  • Fetal skeletal disorders occur in approximately 5:1000 pregnancies.
  • These conditions encompass dysmelia, skeletal dysplasia, craniosynostosis, and spinal defects.
  • Complex skeletal disorders often result from genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline classification and diagnostic criteria for prenatal ultrasound screening of common fetal skeletal disorders.
  • To address the diagnostic challenge of differentiating isolated limb malformations and craniosynostosis from syndromic presentations.
  • To emphasize the clinical importance of distinguishing lethal from non-lethal skeletal dysplasias prenatally.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of classification systems for fetal skeletal disorders.

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  • Description of diagnostic criteria for expert and screening prenatal ultrasound.
  • Focus on common skeletal malformations including limb defects, craniosynostosis, and skeletal dysplasias.

    • Main Results:

    • Provides a framework for classifying diverse fetal skeletal malformations.
    • Highlights key ultrasound findings for identifying isolated versus syndromic conditions.
    • Establishes criteria for differentiating prognostically significant skeletal dysplasias.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate prenatal diagnosis of fetal skeletal disorders is crucial for management and counseling.
    • Ultrasound plays a vital role in characterizing these conditions and guiding further investigation.
    • Distinguishing between isolated and syndromic, and lethal versus non-lethal, skeletal abnormalities is paramount in prenatal care.