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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.8K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.8K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.8K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.8K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

156.7K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
156.7K
Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

Outcomes of Glycolysis

107.3K
Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
107.3K
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

14.0K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
14.0K
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

10.9K
Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
10.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics
10:28

The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics

Published on: October 21, 2013

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R-loop generation during transcription: Formation, processing and cellular outcomes.

Boris P Belotserkovskii1, Silvia Tornaletti1, Alicia D D'Souza1

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, United States.

DNA Repair
|September 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

R-loops, RNA-DNA structures, can cause genomic instability and disease. Understanding their formation and resolution is key to preventing disorders and developing cancer therapies.

Keywords:
DNA repairNon-canonical DNA structuresR-loopsRNA-DNA hybridsTranscription-replication collisions

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Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification RT-LAMP Assay for the Specific and Rapid Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus
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Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification RT-LAMP Assay for the Specific and Rapid Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus

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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics
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The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics

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Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification RT-LAMP Assay for the Specific and Rapid Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus
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Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification RT-LAMP Assay for the Specific and Rapid Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus

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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Genomic Instability

Background:

  • R-loops are natural RNA-DNA-DNA structures crucial for gene regulation but can also lead to genomic instability.
  • R-loop accumulation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases and other clinical disorders.
  • Collisions between replication/transcription machinery and R-loops have severe consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a perspective on the mechanistic aspects of R-loop formation and resolution.
  • To enhance understanding of R-loop biological functions.
  • To explore the potential of using artificial R-loops for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies in model systems focusing on R-loop formation and resolution mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the consequences of R-loop accumulation and collisions.
  • Proposal for the novel application of artificially-generated stable R-loops.

Main Results:

  • R-loops form during transcription and can displace DNA strands.
  • R-loops play regulatory roles but are often deleterious, causing genomic instability.
  • Appropriate R-loop processing is vital for preventing human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding R-loop mechanisms is essential for biological insights and practical applications.
  • Artificially generated stable R-loops offer a novel strategy for selective tumor cell inactivation.
  • Further research into R-loop biology could unlock new therapeutic avenues.