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Related Concept Videos

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Standing Waves01:17

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

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A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This...
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Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

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The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end....
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Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice
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Lymph node dissection for melanoma: where do we stand?

Madalyn G Neuwirth1, Edmund K Bartlett1, Giorgos C Karakousis1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Melanoma Management
|September 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regional lymphadenectomy for melanoma is debated in clinically localized cases. Further research aims to refine patient selection for lymph node dissection and improve detection of micrometastatic disease.

Keywords:
lymph node dissectionlymphadenectomymelanomasentinel lymph node biopsy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • The role of regional lymphadenectomy in clinically localized melanoma with uninvolved lymph nodes remains controversial.
  • Therapeutic lymphadenectomy for clinically positive nodes is standard practice.
  • Sentinel lymph node biopsy is used to detect micrometastatic disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the benefit of regional lymphadenectomy in patients with clinically localized primary melanoma.
  • To explore methods for improved patient selection for complete lymphadenectomy after sentinel lymph node biopsy.
  • To investigate novel techniques for detecting micrometastatic nodal disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical debate on lymphadenectomy protocols.
  • Ongoing efforts to develop more stringent patient selection criteria.
  • Exploration of advanced radiological techniques for micrometastatic disease detection.

Main Results:

  • The benefit of regional lymphadenectomy in clinically node-negative patients is unclear.
  • Current efforts focus on refining selection criteria for complete lymphadenectomy.
  • Novel imaging techniques show promise for improved surgical precision.

Conclusions:

  • More precise patient selection is needed to optimize the use of regional lymphadenectomy in melanoma.
  • Future advancements may reduce morbidity by targeting lymphadenectomy more effectively.
  • Identifying subgroups benefiting from lymphadenectomy is a key future direction.