Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis
Published on: March 11, 2017
Optimal viewing angles of intraoperative fluoroscopy for detecting screw penetration in proximal humeral fractures: a
Qiuke Wang1, Yifei Liu1, Ming Zhang1
1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
Background:
To identify the optimal viewing angles for every proximal screw in PHILOS plate-fixed proximal humeral fractures.
Methods:
Three fresh-frozen human cadaveric bodies with six intact shoulders were studied. All three bodies were put in the beach chair position and PHILOS plates were placed on the proximal humerus. Head screws penetrating 1 mm into the joint were fitted one by one. Fluoroscopy was conducted in the 180° horizontal plane and the 120° coronal plane to analyze each screw's penetration in every shoulder. Images were taken every 5°, then all images were analyzed to identify the sensitive angles.
Results:
The range of optimal viewing angles to visualize penetration of every head screw was identified. In the coronal plane, the angles in the range between 0° and 10° were sensitive to all screws except No. 8 and No. 9. Furthermore, penetration of screws No. 8 and 9 could not be identified on any axillary view, but could be identified in the horizontal plane from - 30° to - 10° and from 10° to 35° respectively.
Conclusions:
We recommend a 0°-10° axillary view with 30° arm abduction combined with two horizontal angles in the range of - 30° to - 10° and 10° to 35° for routine fluoroscopy during surgery. Our results will be helpful in avoiding primary screw penetration.
Related Concept Videos
Screw: Problem Solving
To evaluate the...
Self-Locking Screw
A square-threaded screw jack carrying a load is considered self-locking if the screw retains its position even after the moment applied to it is removed.
Frictional Forces on Screws
A jack with a square-threaded screw is a mechanical device used to lift heavy loads by applying a force at its handle. When the force is applied, the screw turns, raising the load. The screw can...
Contact Angle
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...
Econometric Views (EViews)
Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

