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Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
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Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
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Pathologic Specimens at Time of Pyeloplasty: Frequency and Practice Patterns.

Tracy Tipton1, Kent Edwards1, Kit Simpson2

  • 1MUSC Department of Urology, Charleston, SC.

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Summary

Pathologic specimen identification is performed in 55% of pediatric pyeloplasty cases, with regional variations and slightly higher costs when specimens are sent. Further research is needed to clarify the clinical utility of this practice.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Urology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Pyeloplasty is a common procedure for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in children.
  • The practice of sending excised ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) specimens for pathologic identification is variable and its clinical necessity is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate national and regional practice patterns for sending pathologic specimens during pediatric pyeloplasty.
  • To project the associated costs of this practice.

Main Methods:

  • A national administrative database of privately insured patients (0-18 years) undergoing pyeloplasty between 2010-2014 was analyzed.
  • International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes were used to identify 1496 cases.
  • Cases were categorized based on whether a pathologic identification was billed.

Main Results:

  • Pathologic specimens were sent in 55% of the 1496 identified pyeloplasty cases.
  • The Western United States showed the lowest rate of billing for surgical pathology (49%).
  • Parental out-of-pocket costs were slightly higher ($1518 vs. $1398) when pathology specimens were sent.

Conclusions:

  • Pathologic specimen submission occurs in over half of pediatric pyeloplasty cases.
  • Significant regional variations in practice patterns exist across the United States.
  • Sending specimens for pathologic identification is associated with a modest increase in out-of-pocket expenses for families.